{"id":174893,"date":"2022-01-04T11:30:17","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T16:30:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irpp-policy-options.local\/issues\/misinformation-and-chinese-interference-in-canadas-affairs\/"},"modified":"2025-04-14T03:25:09","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T07:25:09","slug":"misinformation-and-chinese-interference-in-canadas-affairs","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/fr\/2022\/01\/misinformation-and-chinese-interference-in-canadas-affairs\/","title":{"rendered":"Misinformation and Chinese interference in Canada\u2019s affairs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The story started with a private member\u2019s bill introduced by former Conservative MP Kenny Chiu in spring of 2021 \u2013 the <a href=\"https:\/\/parl.ca\/DocumentViewer\/en\/43-2\/bill\/C-282\/first-reading\">Foreign Influence Registry Act (Bill C-282)<\/a>. Its intention was to impose \u201can obligation on individuals acting on behalf of a foreign principal to file a return when they undertake specific actions with respect to public office holders.\u201d This was a potential way to expose the relationship between agents in Canada and their ties to foreign countries. It could have also exposed Canada\u2019s susceptibility to foreign influence, making it more difficult for external states to conduct electoral interference, technological and intellectual property theft, or even surveillance and operations like the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/operation-fox-hunt-how-china-exports-repression-using-a-network-of-spies-hidden-in-plain-sight\">Operation Fox Hunt<\/a>\u201d (a global covert operation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/10\/28\/fbi-arrests-5-in-alleged-operation-fox-hunt-plot-to-pressure-citizens-to-return-to-china.html\">conducted by Beijing<\/a> to threaten and repatriate Chinese dissidents to mainland China).<\/p>\n<p>However, the purposes of the bill, which did not pass, became the target of a misinformation campaign. How misinformation on the Foreign Influence Registry Act was spread can be used as a case study for the simple, yet effective tactics commonly deployed in the making of \u201cfake news.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Examining the disinformation tactics \u2013 why are they effective?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fake news is widely spread in diaspora Chinese communities <a href=\"https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/opinion\/columnists\/daphne-bramham-conservatives-face-ugly-barrage-over-partys-china-policy\">via social media<\/a> such as WeChat and WhatsApp. Research indicates that people tend to accept misinformation as fact if it comes from a credible and trustworthy source, and so-called \u201ctrust\u201d can also be based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/The-Psychology-of-Fake-News-Accepting-Sharing-and-Correcting-Misinformation\/Greifeneder-Jaffe-Newman-Schwarz\/p\/book\/9780367271831\">\u201cfeelings of familiarity.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Research indicates we are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-ca\/Trust+and+Power-p-9781509519453\">more likely to believe<\/a> in our friends and family, or even acquaintances, than complete strangers. And that familiarity does not necessarily have to be based on previous face-to-face interaction, but can also come in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0305048300000219\">form of internet communication<\/a>, especially in the new era of technological advancement. So, when fake news is tailored to the Chinese community and disseminated through its communication channels, particularly via its own social network, it increases the acceptance rate of disinformation.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><a href=\"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/fr\/magazines\/juillet-2021\/is-canadas-first-proposed-foreign-influence-legislation-ruthless-or-toothless\/\">Is Canada\u2019s first proposed foreign influence legislation ruthless or toothless?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/fr\/magazines\/december-2018\/year-resolve-intelligent-reader-online\/\">This year, resolve to be a more intelligent reader online<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/fr\/magazines\/january-2018\/the-digital-attack-on-democracy\/\">The digital attack on democracy<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In addition, according to the principle of social proof theory, people tend to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/influence-science-and-practice\/oclc\/431927398\">endorse a belief that is generally agreed on among the majority<\/a> of their community, even if they may not believe in such ideology or information in the first place. This may be due to a need to seek social recognition or to prevent being an outcast in the community, especially in an overseas diaspora group. As well, despite the fact that some Chinese immigrants would like to verify the truthfulness of the news, they may not have access to other mainstream, Western media because of a language barrier.<\/p>\n<p>The reliance on internet information often results in the creation of an \u201cecho chamber\u201d that is further exacerbated by the filter effect of the online algorithm. Applications such as the \u201cWeChat Moment,\u201d a feature in WeChat, which is widely used by the Chinese community, similar to Facebook and Instagram, allow individuals to view others\u2019 stories. Thus, the Chinese community is being trapped in the vicious cycle of <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2015-26506-002\">reinforced information consumption patterns.<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_101317\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-101317\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/12\/CP121586493-scaled.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-101317 size-regularsize\" src=\"https:\/\/potestlaunch.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CP121586493-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"496\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-101317\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Then-Conservative MP Kenny Chiu rises during Question Period in the House of Commons on April 13, 2021, in Ottawa. THE CANADIAN PRESS\/Adrian Wyld<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Repeated exposure to the same fake news increases its chances of being considered true. Thus, when a person encounters the same piece of news, regardless of its integrity and credibility, this \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12041008\/\">increase[s] perceptions<\/a> of honesty and sincerity as well as agreement with what the person says.\u201d The phenomenon is often called the \u201cillusion truth effect\u201d in psychology. In other words, even though one may not believe the fake news, reinforced disinformation increases one\u2019s susceptibility to it.<\/p>\n<p>Combatting a state-sponsored disinformation campaign is never an easy task. <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/governments-should-inoculate-citizens-to-prevent-the-spread-of-fake-news-170186#comment_2644802\">Multidisciplinary approaches<\/a> \u2013 including international co-operation and exchange of information between liberal democracies, establishment of an integrated institution that oversees all cybersecurity intelligence and analysis, planning and executing efforts to counter disinformation, as well as education and training to increase critical thinking by the public \u2500 are vital to improve our resilience and defend our core values against foreign interference and disinformation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The danger \u2013 state-sponsored disinformation campaigns <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The case of Bill C-282 is indeed a salient example of how fake news is tailored and disseminated in a particular target group. However, another common tactic is state-sponsored disinformation. This is difficult to disprove because it has direct linkages with the central authority, which then denies responsibility for releasing the misinformation.<\/p>\n<p>Because he was an outspoken politician who advocated for Hong Kong and democracy and heavily criticized Beijing\u2019s violation on human rights, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy\/article\/3149738\/conservative-vote-plunged-canadas-most-chinese-electorates-did\">Chiu was sanctioned by the Chinese government against returning to his birthplace, Hong Kong.<\/a> Moreover, due to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.richmond-news.com\/local-news\/richmond-mp-sad-and-proud-after-being-sanctioned-by-china-3601825\">his role on the Subcommittee on International Human Rights (SDIR)<\/a>, and previous work urging the Canadian government to impose sanctions on China, as a parliamentarian he was viewed unfavourably by the Beijing government.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, when the disinformation around Bill C-282 was deployed, Chiu\u2019s pro-democracy and \u201canti-Chinese communist party background\u201d were being used as justification for the accusation and argument that the proposed Foreign influence Registry Act was indeed racial discrimination against the Chinese, and that the bill\u2019s prime objective was to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgctv.com\/2021\/09\/08\/%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E5%8D%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%85%9A%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%91%98%E8%B5%B5%E9%94%A6%E8%8D%A3%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%96\/?amp\">\u201csuppress pro-China opinion, as well as to operate surveillance on organizations and individuals\u201d<\/a> in the overseas Chinese community.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, heavy criticism and attacks were not only focused on Chiu, but <a href=\"https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/opinion\/columnists\/daphne-bramham-conservatives-face-ugly-barrage-over-partys-china-policy\">also on the Conservative party and leader Erin O\u2019Toole<\/a>, well-known for their hawkish stance against Beijing\u2019s policies. Now that the 2021 federal election is over, it is indeed logical to infer that whoever was responsible for disseminating the fake news had a clear motive in reshaping the narratives in favour of Beijing\u2019s interests.<\/p>\n<p>In spite of the fact that the Chiu incident made only ripples in the recent federal election (<a href=\"https:\/\/nationalpost.com\/news\/politics\/election-2021\/defeated-tory-mp-fears-attacks-by-pro-beijing-forces-swung-votes-against-him\">he lost his seat as MP<\/a>), such disinformation campaigns and their potential to manipulate diaspora communities (via psychology and social connections) could generate waves that would drown Canada\u2019s democracy in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Taking a stand against a decision by the Chinese Communist Party does not make the Conservatives or Canada anti-China. The assumption that it does has driven this general belief in the Chinese community, especially for those who have weak critical thinking skills and no prior training or experience in dealing with disinformation.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps more alarming is the fact that these tactics could be deployed against any group in an information and psychological warfare campaign. In short, it has a high potential for interference in Canada\u2019s electoral process by foreign state actors and thus severely threatens the country\u2019s liberal democracy.<\/p>\n<p>Canada remains vulnerable to the security risk constituted by foreign interference. As a liberal country that vows to uphold its values in freedom and democracy, specific countermeasures such as Chiu\u2019s proposed act and laws like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/nsd-fara\"><em>U.S. Foreign Agents Registration Act<\/em><\/a> should be implemented.<\/p>\n<p>At the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/governments-should-inoculate-citizens-to-prevent-the-spread-of-fake-news-170186#comment_2644802\">third-party entities and civilian level<\/a>s, one countermeasure could be a \u201cforeign influence transparency scheme\u201d similar to the one suggested in the news campaign <a href=\"https:\/\/canxinot.weebly.com\/\">Can Xi Not<\/a>, introduced by <a href=\"https:\/\/alliancecanadahk.com\/\">Alliance Canada Hong Kong<\/a>. This may be particularly important for both traditional and new media, which often have the power to shape public debates. In other words, media would retain their freedom of press, but would be required to disclose their foreign sponsorship, if there is any. Last but not least, other approaches to increase citizens\u2019 resilience, as well as the nation\u2019s capability to deter state-sponsored disinformation, should be thoroughly considered and enforced.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The story started with a private member\u2019s bill introduced by former Conservative MP Kenny Chiu in spring of 2021 \u2013 the Foreign Influence Registry Act (Bill C-282). Its intention was to impose \u201can obligation on individuals acting on behalf of a foreign principal to file a return when they undertake specific actions with respect to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":101323,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false},"categories":[9360,9385,9372],"tags":[8650,8547,9187,9132],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[4217,4292,4244,4337],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[6970,7092,7102,6980],"class_list":["post-174893","issues","type-issues","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-international","category-medias-et-culture","category-recent-stories-fr","tag-canada-china-fr","tag-cybersecurite-fr","tag-desinformation","tag-politique-canadienne","irpp-category-affaires-internationales","irpp-category-global-affairs","irpp-category-science-and-technology","irpp-category-science-et-technologie","irpp-tag-china","irpp-tag-chine","irpp-tag-cybersecurite","irpp-tag-cybersecurity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Misinformation and Chinese 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